Political Science and International Relations

 "The Political Ideology of Globalization is Neo-liberalism." Comment. UPSC 2016 Paper 1A Qn no -2a  Globalization is deeply intertwined with neoliberalism, an economic and political ideology that emphasizes deregulation, free markets, privatization, and the minimization of state intervention in economic affairs. Understanding neoliberalism as the political ideology of globalization : Historical Context - The association between neoliberalism and globalization began in the late 20th century, particularly after the 1970s economic crises. Governments in Western nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom under leaders like Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, adopted neoliberal policies as a response to economic stagnation. They advocated for a smaller role for the state, market liberalization, and incentives for capital to flow more freely across borders. These shifts coincided with advancements in technology, transportation, and communication that facilita...

Globalization promotes the increasing interaction of the inhabitants. Globalization is the process of integrating the national economy, culture, technology, and even governance into a global system.  The other side provided the insight into straining State sovereignty. State sovereignty has never been absolute except legally. Questions were raised regarding the state sovereignty. Aspects pointed out by David Held -  Government's effectiveness of particular instruments has shown a decline with increase on global connectedness. Border controls have lessened. Expansion in transnational forces and interactions which reduce the influence a particular governments can exercise over the citzens. The domains such as defence and communication cannot be fulfilled without resorting to international forms of collaboration. Political integration is necessary among states to control the destabilising effects of the states. Vast number of institutions and organisations for global governance l...

 A pattern of interconnectedness has always existed since the rise of the modern state in the 15th Century, and is reflected in the writings of Grotius and Kant who argued that states existed within a 'society of states' and 'international law' is focussed upon cooperation and co-existence of states. Economic globalization diffused power in local and international spheres and states have lost their earlier authority and legitimacy. The international civil society and supra-state government will eventually replace the traditional nation-state as the primary political and economic unit of world society. The international elite or knowledge class is well equipped to accommodate 'consumerist-ideology' which creates a new global common identity. Globalisation is turning to 'a fundamental reconfiguration of human action'. The challenge from the new world economy - The internationalization of production and financial transactions had a major impact on st...