Political Science and International Relations

Factors like community, culture, and nation weaken the hegemony of neo-liberalism today. Discuss. UPSC 2022 Paper 1A Qn 2a The hegemony of neoliberalism—a market-driven ideology emphasizing free markets, privatization, and minimal state intervention—has been challenged by various factors rooted in community, culture, and nation in recent years. These challenges stem from the growing recognition of neoliberalism's limitations in addressing inequality, social cohesion, and sustainability.  1. Community Resistance Grassroots Movements: Communities worldwide are mobilizing against neoliberal policies that prioritize profit over people. Movements advocating for labor rights, environmental justice, and equitable access to resources (e.g., food sovereignty movements) challenge the exploitative aspects of neoliberalism. Localized Economies: Emphasis on local economies, cooperatives, and community-driven initiatives counters the globalized, profit-oriented model of neoliberal markets. Commu...

 "The Political Ideology of Globalization is Neo-liberalism." Comment. UPSC 2016 Paper 1A Qn no -2a  Globalization is deeply intertwined with neoliberalism, an economic and political ideology that emphasizes deregulation, free markets, privatization, and the minimization of state intervention in economic affairs. Understanding neoliberalism as the political ideology of globalization : Historical Context - The association between neoliberalism and globalization began in the late 20th century, particularly after the 1970s economic crises. Governments in Western nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom under leaders like Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, adopted neoliberal policies as a response to economic stagnation. They advocated for a smaller role for the state, market liberalization, and incentives for capital to flow more freely across borders. These shifts coincided with advancements in technology, transportation, and communication that facilita...

Critically examine the neo-liberal theory of State. UPSC 2018 Paper 1A Qn 2a The neoliberal theory of the state is a central framework within political economy, emphasizing the state's role in creating and preserving market-oriented structures while advocating for minimal interference in economic activities . Neo-liberalism has reshaped both theoretical understandings of state functions and practical approaches to governance, particularly since the late 20th century. Key Tenets of Neo-liberalism -  The Neo-liberals are the advocates of a 'Minimalist Role for the State'. They are 'inherently suspicious of the State. The key tenets of neo-liberalism are: Individual liberty - The principle of individuals not having the right to coerce each other should be extended to the State, 'which after all is only an amalgam of individuals. Individual liberty provides conditions suitable for greater innovation as State intervention often leads to caution ...